Whenever you look at a Complex-Plane Impedance Plot ( Nyquist or Cole-Cole plot) and see a 45° line, or fit data to an equivalent circuit and find a Constant Phase Element (CPE) with an n-value close to 0.5, you should consider diffusion as a possible explanation.

Diffusion Circuit Elements – Warburg

The most common diffusion circuit is the so-called “Warburg” diffusion element, but it is not the only one! A Warburg impedance element can be used to model semi-infinite linear diffusion, that is, unrestricted diffusion to a large planar electrode. This is the simplest diffusion situation because it is only the linear distance from the electrode that matters.
The Warburg impedance is an example of a constant phase element for which the phase angle is a constant 45° and independent of frequency. The magnitude of the Warburg impedance is inversely proportional to the square root of the frequency
as you would expect for a CPE with an n-value of 0.5. The Warburg is unique among CPE’s because the real and imaginary components are equal at all frequencies and both depend upon
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